Διερεύνηση στρατηγικών υλοποίησης της ευρωπαϊκής πολιτικής για το υγροποιημένο φυσικό αέριο στο ανατολικό Αιγαίο
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Abstract
In the recent decades, it has become clear that climate change is not a phenomenon that concerns the distant future, but a dynamically evolving process that affects the entire population without exception. The need for a gradual and smooth energy transition to a cleaner Earth has led to an increase in the use of natural gas (NG) as it is considered the cleanest fossil fuel since compared to oil and other fuels due to its lower emissions. NG is widely imported into Europe as its demand far exceeds the continent's domestic production. Until today, the main way of its import to the continent was the usage of pipelines, mainly from countries of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East. However, for many reasons this way of NG transfer is not always the best choice. So, there is the option of transporting it with specially designed ships in liquid form as liquefied natural gas (LNG), at the place of consumption through the use of specially designed terminals which are either on land or offshore, and after its regasification is injected into the network. Until now, the vast majority of LNG projects have involved large-scale projects. However, recently, small-scale projects have been designed and executed, are regional logistics storage nodes, which present several advantages in terms of their functionality. The Small Scale LNG units are considered to be able to give a significant impetus to the energy development of areas that cannot be easily interconnected from a techno-economic point of view with the distribution networks, such as the case of the Greek islands in the Eastern Aegean and other remote areas. In addition, the European policy of the EU on LNG is presented and in particular the liberal institutional framework which has been developed through Directives and Regulations that have been adopted by the European institutions. In Greece, NG has been used since 1996 through imports via pipeline network and originates from Russia. LNG was first introduced into the country's energy mix in 2000 with the operation of the Revithoussa terminal, while other LNG terminals are under design and construction in Alexandroupolis, Corinth and Kavala. LNG is used in household and industrial sectors of the economy but also in shipping. The Poseidon Med program and its evolution, aims at the use of LNG as fuel in key ports of the Mediterranean such as Piraeus, Patra and Limassol, while the main current Greek legal framework regarding LNG is presented. Moreover, the research questions and the methodological framework followed in the context of this dissertation are listed. In addition, the methods PESTLE, SWOT and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are presented, while the reasons for which they were chosen, their basic steps as well as the mathematical background of them are documented, while the proposed methodology emerges as a management decision tool. In the context of the business analysis and evaluation of alternative energy strategies, a case study is presented regarding the development of LNG infrastructure projects in the Eastern Aegean. In addition, the application of the PESTLE method is presented with the analysis of the factors of the general environment on which the strategies will be formulated. This is followed by the application of the SWOT method, which identifies the factors-criteria for evaluating alternative energy strategies as well as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) through which the criteria-sub-criteria of SWOT are quantified. Then the alternative strategies are formulated based on the data of the PESTLE analysis but also based on empirical data and are evaluated. Strategy with the highest score is rated as the best. Finally, the conclusions of the dissertation are summarized, which emerged from the application of the PESTEL SWOT KAI AHP methods for the selection of the most appropriate energy strategy regarding the use of LNG, and suggestions for further research are suggested