Energy security is a central challenge for sustainable development in the twenty-first century. While traditionally associated with the availability and affordability of energy resources, recent approaches emphasize its interconnections with climate change, environmental sustainability, food systems, and societal resilience. Climate change directly influences agricultural production, natural resources, and food security, whereas agricultural systems impact environmental sustainability and the shift toward more resilient development models. Therefore, examining the social and environmental dimensions of climate change and agricultural transition is essential for broader discussions on energy security. In this context, and reflecting the interdisciplinary orientation of the Master's programme Energy: Strategy, Law and Economics, this study investigates how these broader processes intersect with gender inequalities and affect Indigenous rural communities in Latin America. The thesis explores the interconnections among gender, agricultural transition, and climate change at a regional level to clarify their combined impact on Indigenous communities. The research addresses two primary questions: How do the gendered dimensions of agricultural transition and climate change affect Indigenous rural communities in Latin America? Why are Indigenous women in rural Latin America particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change? The study employs a qualitative research approach, utilizing academic bibliographical sources to systematically analyze these dynamics. By integrating these variables and focusing on Latin America as a case study, the research establishes a scientific framework for understanding the role of Indigenous communities, with particular attention to women. Drawing on political ecology and ecofeminism, the study examines the gendered impacts of climate change and agricultural transition on Indigenous women, highlighting their strategies of adaptation, resistance, and environmental stewardship. The findings indicate that Indigenous women are disproportionately affected by environmental and socio-economic challenges, yet they play a central role in preserving traditional knowledge, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and enhancing community resilience. This study contributes to the literature by providing a gender-sensitive perspective on the relationship between agricultural transition, climate change, and Indigenous livelihoods in Latin America.