This thesis examines the European Union’s energy transition through 2050, focusing on the key challenges and alternative strategic scenarios that could shape the path toward climate neutrality. The energy transition is one of the EU’s most significant transformations, as it is directly linked to addressing climate change, energy security, economic competitiveness, and geopolitical resilience. At the same time, the 2022 crisis and Europe’s dependence on imported fossil fuels have highlighted the need for a more resilient and sustainable energy system. The study is based on scenario analysis methodology, drawing on international studies and energy models as its theoretical and analytical foundation. Three distinct energy transition scenarios are developed: the Security Path, which prioritizes security of supply and a gradual transition; the Balanced Strategy, which seeks to balance security, affordability, and sustainability; and the Green Path, which promotes rapid and ambitious decarbonization through the extensive development of renewable energy sources, storage, and electrification. The analysis highlights that the energy transition is not merely a technological or environmental process, but also a social and political challenge. Issues such as inequalities among member states, energy poverty, public acceptance of policies, and dependence on critical raw materials have a decisive impact on the success of the transition. The results show that no single strategy achieves a perfect balance between security, affordability, and sustainability, making it necessary to adopt flexible and multidimensional policies. In conclusion, the study argues that the success of the European energy transition will depend not only on technological progress and investment, but also on social cohesion, institutional cooperation, and the maintenance of political legitimacy for the green transition.