Analyzing the impact of terrorism on Middle East energy transportation : a case study on shipping industry compliance and security measures
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Keywords
Maritime terrorism ; Middle East ; Compliance ; Sanctions compliance ; Risk management ; Energy transportation ; Shipping industry ; Shipping companies ; Compliance programsAbstract
This study examines the intersection of terrorism, maritime security, and compliance in the context of Middle East energy transportation. The region’s strategic role as a global energy hub, combined with its geopolitical volatility, renders maritime shipping particularly vulnerable to terrorist activity. The research aims to analyze how terrorism has affected energy transportation routes and infrastructure, and to assess the effectiveness of the sanctions compliance and security measures adopted by the shipping industry to mitigate these risks.
The study is structured into two analytical parts. The first investigates the primary terrorism threats facing maritime energy transport and evaluates the impact of past incidents— such as the Achille Lauro, USS Cole, and Limburg attacks—on the regional and global security landscape. The second part explores the institutional and regulatory responses to these threats, focusing on international conventions, compliance frameworks, and risk management systems including the ISPS Code, the SUA Convention, and Compliance Risk Management (CRM) models. The research analyzes how terrorism has affected energy transportation routes and infrastructure and assesses the effectiveness of sanctions compliance and security measures adopted by the shipping industry to mitigate these risks. Findings reveal that although international frameworks have improved deterrence and operational resilience, persistent deficiencies remain in enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and adaptation to evolving threats such as state-sponsored and cyber-enabled terrorism. The analysis further highlights the convergence of physical and financial security through sanctions compliance and due diligence obligations, underscoring the growing need for holistic governance across the maritime domain. The study concludes by proposing targeted policy recommendations aimed at strengthening maritime compliance, enhancing cooperation among stakeholders, and reinforcing the resilience of global energy transportation against terrorism and geopolitical disruption.
Postgraduate Studies Programme
Ενέργεια: Στρατηγική, Δίκαιο & ΟικονομίαDepartment
Σχολή Οικονομικών, Επιχειρηματικών και Διεθνών Σπουδών. Τμήμα Διεθνών και Ευρωπαϊκών ΣπουδώνNumber of pages
71Language
EnglishCollections
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Αναφορά Δημιουργού-Μη Εμπορική Χρήση-Όχι Παράγωγα Έργα 3.0 Ελλάδα
Αναφορά Δημιουργού-Μη Εμπορική Χρήση-Όχι Παράγωγα Έργα 3.0 Ελλάδα