Liner shipping schedule reliability : the role of berthing windows
Master Thesis
Author
Bei, Evdokia
Μπέη, Ευδοκία
Date
2026-08Advisor
Lagoudis, IoannisΛαγούδης, Ιωάννης
View/ Open
Keywords
Berth allocation ; Schedule reliability ; Discrete-event simulation ; Container terminal ; Appointment system ; QueueingAbstract
This thesis examines whether an appointment-based (“rendezvous”) berth-allocation policy reduces vessel waiting time at a large transshipment container terminal compared with a first-come, first-served (FCFS) regime, and how this effect depends on terminal congestion. The literature review situates the question within research on schedule reliability, the berth allocation problem, berthing windows and berth templates, and appointment and pre-booking systems, drawing on peer-reviewed studies together with the operational procedures of the Piraeus Container Terminal (PCT) as a case context, and identifies a gap: no existing study has tested a PCT-type pro-forma and rendezvous system against pure FCFS under common, stochastic simulated conditions. The empirical chapters build a discrete-event simulation, calibrated on 794 anonymized vessel calls spanning nineteen months and two demand regimes, and compare four policy scenarios — current hybrid practice, pure FCFS, universal appointment, and a cargo-weighted priority rule — across 400 replications each. The central finding is that the appointment system redistributes waiting-time risk from mother vessels to feeders rather than reducing it overall: it functions as insurance rather than speed, although the apparent strength of this protection across congestion regimes depends on whether it is measured in absolute or proportional terms. A cargo-weighted alternative reduces total delay by 10–14% but concentrates the added cost on the smallest consignments. The thesis states that the decision regarding which berth allocation policy to adopt is essentially a distributional one in so far as it determines which cargo has to wait, and this has consequences for the way terminals and carriers negotiate priority.


