Τεχνο-οικονομική και περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση της χρήσης αμμωνίας ως εναλλακτικού καυσίμου μηδενικού ποσοστού άνθρακα στη ναυτιλία
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Keywords
Αμμωνία ; Nαυτιλία ; Εναλλακτικά καύσιμα ; Πράσινη αμμωνία ; Τεχνοοικονομική αξιολόγησηAbstract
This study examines ammonia as a candidate zero-carbon fuel for shipping, assessing both
the technological and environmental and economic aspects of its use. Shipping is one of the
most energy-intensive sectors of the global economy, with high greenhouse gas emissions,
making the development of alternative fuels with low or zero carbon footprints imperative.
Green ammonia stands out due to the absence of carbon in its molecule and the possibility of
producing it from renewable energy sources, which allows the creation of green ammonia
with almost zero environmental footprint. The physical, chemical, and thermodynamic
properties of ammonia, its energy density, storage and transport requirements, as well as
toxicity risks and NOx emissions during combustion are analyzed. In addition, it is compared
with other alternative marine fuels, such as hydrogen and methanol, demonstrating
advantages in ease of handling and existing infrastructure. The requirements and technical
solutions for the transport and storage of ammonia, as well as its impact on the performance
and emissions of marine engines, are evaluated. Through life cycle analysis, the overall
environmental footprint of ammonia is assessed and compared to that of conventional and
alternative fuels. A techno-economic assessment of low-carbon ammonia as a marine fuel is
presented, taking into account the costs of production, supply, and use, as well as the
prospects for scaling up by 2050. The results show that, under the right technological and
economic conditions, green ammonia can be a key pillar for the long-term decarbonization of
shipping. The techno-economic analysis reveals that, despite the higher initial cost of green
ammonia, the scaling up of production and the reduction in the cost of renewable sources will
lead to a significant reduction in costs by 2050. Green ammonia is presented as a technically
feasible and environmentally sustainable fuel with the potential to make a significant
contribution to the energy transition of the shipping industry.