Crowdfunding: έννοια, ορισμός και καινοτόμες μέθοδοι χρηματοδότησης

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Keywords
Crowdfunding ; Κίνητρα και παράγοντες επιλογής crowdfunding ; Πλατφόρμες crowdfunding ; Εναλλακτικές μορφές χρηματοδότησης ; Οφέλη - μειονεκτήματα crowdfunding ; Σχεδιασμός εκστρατείας crowdfunding ; Νομοθεσία και παραδείγματα crowdfunding στην Ελλάδα και την ΕυρώπηAbstract
The crowdfunding "emerged" from the crowdsourcing concept introduced by Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson in 2006. He also "borrowed" data from microfinance. The crowdsourcing is defined as a way of acquiring ideas, feedback and finding solutions for the development of corporate activities from a network of people, the crowd. Lambert and Schwienbacher in 2010 have confirmed that crowdfunding is the natural evolution of crowdsourcing and is a subset of it because it is the same element, but it increases funds instead of ideas through a multitude of individuals. Those authors define crowdfunding as: "An open invitation ", mainly through the internet, to provide financial resources either in the form of a donation or in exchange for some form of reward and / or voting rights to support the campaigns." In other words, the idea of crowdfunding is to "win" money from a large audience.
In addition, a large audience represents a variety. As a result, the relationship between the entrepreneur and the crowd varies considerably depending on the context and nature of the project. However, Larralde and Schwienbacher (2010) and Mollick (2012) have concluded that it is a viable source of venture capital for start-ups. Cosh et al., Argue that entrepreneurs face the problem of attracting external capital at this stage as they are deprived of cash flow while "fighting" with the asymmetry of information that exists between those and investors.
The internet plays a key role in linking entrepreneurs with investor / consumer networks so they can finance their small / new businesses, whose projects are often unlikely to be funded by some other "traditional" funding. Lambert and Schwienbacher also emphasize the importance of the Internet as a channel for effective communication and networking. Although the internet is a key component, crowdfunding practices differ from open source practices. Crowdfunding allows the trader the right to exploit the amount collected for the project. However, open source projects allocate the amount to the entire community and can then use it on an individual basis. It is even clearer that in the case of crowdfunding, because capital is not a public good, from an economic point of view it can not be shared as opposed to open source. Under these circumstances, a public good is a good that can be used by many consumers at once, without increasing costs. In general, crowdfunding activities take place on online platforms where entrepreneurs and customers exchange value for money. These platforms use social networks in particular via the internet (Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram) to "orchestrate" their projects. Many of these platforms are specialized in some types of projects. Entrepreneurs can create a profile on such a crowdfunding platform to present the project, its purpose, the way capital will be used, etc. Works ranging from a documentary to the search for a cost-effective diagnostic tool for a disease.
The crowd contributes in terms of money, but also through feedback. Most crowdfunding platforms apply the pay-what-you-want model, but allow the entrepreneur to set a minimal "price-contribution" and tailor the rewards. There are a few projects that see the financier as a "protector-donor" who does not expect any compensation except the feeling of doing good. The majority of projects allow financiers to become early customers by having access to funded projects at an earlier date of the date they will be placed on the shelves at a better price or some other benefit. Financiers base their decision to participate in the underlying campaign in the attractiveness of the rewards or the idea of the product being funded or its upcoming success. We can say that funders respond to signs of project quality.